Four Alleged Masterminds of 2008 Mumbai Attacks Are Indicted in Chicago

Federal prosecutors in Chicago have indicted four alleged masterminds of the 2008 Mumbai attacks including two men who, as ProPublica has reported in recent months, have been linked by US investigators and foreign court documents to Pakistan's security forces.

The indictment filed Monday never mentions the Pakistani security forces or their alleged role in the attacks. But it represents a major development in a secretive, diplomatically sensitive prosecution set for trial next month, because Pakistan is considered a close US ally in the fight against terrorism. Prosecutors charged the four Pakistanis with playing lead roles in the attacks by the Lashkar-i-Taiba terrorist group that killed 166 people, six of them Americans. Three of the four are believed to be at large.

The indictment identifies a man known only as Major Iqbal as one of the masterminds who directed and funded months of reconnaissance in Mumbai by David Coleman Headley, a mysterious Pakistani-American businessman who was once an informant for the US Drug Enforcement Administration. Headley was arrested in October 2009 and is cooperating with US and Indian officials.

The indictment describes Major Iqbal as “a resident of Pakistan who participated in planning and funding attacks by Lashkar.” But as ProPublica has reported, US and Indian anti-terror officials and Indian court documents allege that Iqbal was a serving officer in Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate. He allegedly acted as Headley's main handler, one of at least three ISI officers who are suspected of being involved in recruiting, training and directing Headley in terrorist activities, according to US and Indian investigators and Indian court documents.

The other significant figure indicted Monday is a longtime Lashkar chief named Sajid Mir, who also is accused of serving as Headley's handler. Mir remains at large, according to investigators, despite the fact that he allegedly was a key plotter in the Mumbai attacks. His voice was caught on tape directing the slaughter by telephone from a Pakistani safe house, according to officials and documents.

In 2007 Mir was convicted of terrorism in absentia by French authorities, who accused him of being an officer of the Pakistani military and possibly the ISI. Some Western anti-terror officials believe Mir spent time in the Pakistani security forces, while others say he was close to the ISI but do not believe he was a serving officer.

The other two suspects charged Monday are suspected Lashkar chiefs whose voices were also recorded directing the 10 gunmen who carried out the three-day attack. Suspect Abu Qahafa is accused of overseeing the training of the attack team. Suspect Mazhar Iqbal, alias Abu al-Qama, is the only one of the four known to be in custody. Pakistani authorities arrested him in early 2009 and charged him and six others in the Mumbai attacks, but that trial has apparently stalled.

All four suspects were charged Monday with six counts of aiding and abetting the murder of US citizens in India as well as the material support of terrorism and conspiracy to murder. Mir, Abu Qahafa and Mazhar Iqbal were also charged with conspiracy to bomb public places in India, and Mir has been charged with directing a plot that involved Headley in Denmark. The four could face the death sentence or life in prison.

US Justice Department spokesmen in Washington and Chicago declined to comment on the indictments.

A fifth defendant, who was charged earlier in the case, is in US custody. Tahawwur Rana, a Chicago-based businessman, allegedly assisted Headley's reconnaissance in India and Denmark. Rana was arrested with Headley in 2009 and is set to go on trial in Chicago in May.